Sustainable Tourism in the Mediterranean Islands and Small Cities – Fsadri and Selwyn, 1996
Not until the coastal regions experiences mass tourism in the 60s that concern about the environmental consequences of tourism began. In the early days of tourism, it was assumed that the main problems of tourism would be the relationship between the hosts and the tourists. Now, it is seen that the relationship between tourism, economies, societies, and the natural env is more multi complex and multi dimensional.
The paradox is that tourism lives off cultures and the env, but more often that not takes little/no account of the residents, e.g. increasing frustration in Malta and some Greek islands that tourism is intrusive and imposed on them. Clear that the management of tourism needs to be integrated with other aspects of the local economy and social structures in a way that the needs of locals are served above others, including tourism. If this isn’t done, the natural and built env becomes a museum for tourists only.
Mallorca – argue that increasing tourism has led to the loss of their autonomy – increase in the price of goods and increasingly dependent on outsiders. But it has decreased disparities of wealth, and there has been immigration not emigration. Same in Malta.
There are pros and cons to tourism, but the challenge is to build on the positive and not reproduce the negative.
Paradox – increasing interest in historical tourism, replacing sun, sea and sand holidays of the 60s, but locals see this as backward and move out. Industry, new houses, and developments are not seen to fit with the historic env, so people are forced out to other places and ghosts towns occur. There must be investment and social interaction in historic cities or historical based tourism will fail.
Tourism could provide for the economic viability of rural economies and societies, but to integrate economic and social policies and the rural hinterland, there is a need for co-operation and holistic policies, and this is increasingly hard with the increasing free market policies across the EU.
The value of tourism has to be not in its capacity to replace traditional local economic activity, but to complement it and create opportunities for locals without destroying what attracts people in the first place. Tourism can provide new employment but there is a danger in over reliance and developing a ‘mono crop’, and there is a need to diversify employment – this was the problem in Kos, and they are now trying to solve this by planning and intervention – to do this there needs to be a long term vision of the future and its relationship to the past.
At the end of the 1990s there was a shift in tourism in the Med and population dispersal. There will still be mass tourism, but there is an increasing amount of tourism linked to culture and the nature of the region’s historic and island centres, e.g. Turkey, Malta. The challenge here is museumisation and the citizens becoming exhibits.
Need greater co-operation between destinations, so instead of being in competition with each other, they work to co-operate and develop similar goals, involve locals etc.
Mdina, Malta – given over to tourism and locals feel they have got nothing in return. The culture has been exploited, and residents have left due to decreasing quality of life. To try and help this situation, they have developed a leaflet for tourists on dos and don’ts, e.g. respect the culture, they are putting some tourism money back into the env, and local councils are trying to deal with the effects of tourism.
In Majorca, insular agricultural rural economy was based on inland areas, the coast was seen to be marginal. Tourism brought foreign workers and rapid dev on the coasts, moving the economic activitiy from inland to the coast. A once marginal area has therefore become the most valuable economic resource. The power of the rich has decreased and there have been changing social structures and liberalisation of behaviour.
Turkey – urban and vernacular heritage has been ignored and destroyed. Now they realise the historic towns are a marketable commodity for tourism – there are conservation schemes, e.g. in Izmir, Ankara. The locals are moving out. Where the locals do remain, the buildings are in poor structure, but there is a sense of community. There is a need to balance tourism and local needs, too many tourist shops leads to increased prices which marginalises the locals and drives tourists away. The same dept needs to be in charge of tourism and conservation and also to meet the needs of locals.
Greece – Dimitsana – local plan – co-ordinates tourism development and links the public and private sector – have resotred a monastery, open air water power museum. To meet the needs of locals they have set up a welfare fund of farmstead land to be cultivated, and the income from it goes into road schemes, buildings, lighting. They have used LEADER to fund agrotourism and conserve trad buildings, est community enterprises, education and training in trad crafts. They recommend :-
- small scale tourism residential buildings, avoid mass building of the 60s
- identify local resources – buildings, skills
- to prevent abandonment of trad buildings, identify profitable uses that fit in with the env
- promote the educational aspects of trad buildings
- co-operation of local authority planners and the private sector